If you’ve ever shivered under a cloud of tiny insects on a misty Highland path, you’ve probably wondered: what are these pests and why do they seem to love Scotland? The answer lies in the humble Midge is a tiny, flying insect belonging to the family Culicoides. In Scotland they’re more than a nuisance; they’re a seasonal phenomenon that can shape where you go, what you wear, and how long you stay outdoors.
What exactly are midges?
Midges are small blood‑feeding flies, usually 1‑3 mm long, that belong to the genus Culicoides impunctatus, the most common biting species in the British Isles. Their life cycle includes egg, larva, pupa and adult stages, all of which occur near water or moist soil. Adult females need a blood meal to develop eggs, which is why they target warm‑blooded hosts - humans, deer, sheep, you name it.
Where do Scottish midges thrive?
Scotland’s geography creates perfect breeding grounds. The Highland region, especially around lochs, burns and peat bogs, holds the highest concentrations. Iconic spots like Loch Lomond, the Glenfinnan viaduct area, and the broader Scottish Highlands are notorious for swarms. Even coastal cliffs can see midges if there’s enough damp ground.
When is the midge season?
The peak period runs from late May to early September, with July and August being the worst. Temperature is the key driver - once it hits about 15 °C (59 °F) for a few days, the females emerge in massive numbers. Early mornings and evenings are prime biting times, as the insects are most active in low light and high humidity.
Why do they bite us?
Female midges need protein from blood to mature their eggs. They’re attracted by carbon dioxide, body heat and certain scents (like sweat). Unlike mosquitoes, they don’t probe deeply; their needle‑like proboscis makes a quick puncture, delivering saliva that contains anticoagulants. Those proteins trigger the familiar itchy welts that can last days.
Health impact - should you worry?
For most visitors, midge bites are a minor irritation. However, in rare cases, the saliva can cause allergic reactions ranging from mild redness to larger hives. Historically, some midges transmit the Bluetongue virus to livestock, but there’s no evidence of serious disease transmission to humans in Scotland.
How to protect yourself
Prevention beats itching every time. Here are proven tactics:
- Dress smart: Wear long sleeves, high collars and tight‑woven fabrics. Anti‑midge clothing treated with permethrin is especially effective.
- Apply midge repellent on exposed skin. Products containing DEET, icaridin or citriodora oil work best.
- Keep moving: Midges struggle to navigate fast‑moving air, so a brisk walk reduces bites.
- Avoid scented lotions, perfumes or strong deodorants that act like a beacon.
- Use midge traps at campsites - carbon‑dioxide or light‑based traps draw them away from you.
Best places and times to enjoy Scotland without the bite
If you can’t avoid midges entirely, you can still savor Scotland’s beauty. Head to higher elevations (above 500 m) where the wind is steadier. Early morning hikes on the Highland plateau before mid‑day sunshine often mean fewer insects. Coastal walks along the Inner Hebrides or the Isle of Skye can be breezy, reducing midge density. Late September, after the first frosts, sees a sharp decline.
Dealing with bites
When you do get bitten, the goal is to stop the itch and prevent infection:
- Wash the area with mild soap and cool water.
- Apply a cold compress or chilled tea bags to reduce swelling.
- Use a topical antihistamine cream (e.g., hydrocortisone 1%).
- Avoid scratching - it can open the skin to bacteria.
- If swelling spreads or you develop hives, seek medical advice.
Common myths about Scottish midges
Myth #1: “Midges only bite tourists.” False - they’re indiscriminate and will bite anyone, locals included.
Myth #2: “You can outrun them.” While speed helps, they can still land on you if you pause.
Myth #3: “Midge bites are contagious.” No - each bite is an independent event; you can’t catch a bite from another person’s welts.
Quick reference checklist
| Aspect | Detail |
|---|---|
| Scientific name (main species) | Culicoides impunctatus |
| Size | 1-3 mm |
| Peak season | July‑August |
| Preferred habitat | Moist peat, lochsides, riverbanks |
| Effective repellents | DEET, icaridin, citriodora oil |
Frequently Asked Questions
Why are midges more common in the Highlands than in the Lowlands?
The Highlands offer cooler, wetter microclimates and abundant peat bogs - ideal breeding sites for Culicoides larvae. Lower elevations tend to be drier and windier, which limits larval survival.
Can I eat midges?
In some cultures midges are harvested as a protein source, but they’re not part of traditional Scottish cuisine. For tourists, it’s best to leave them alone.
Do midges bite animals as well as people?
Yes. Sheep, deer and cattle are primary hosts, which is why farmers often report heavy midge activity on pastures during summer.
Is there any natural way to keep midges away?
Strong winds and bright sunlight deter them. Planting aromatic herbs like lavender or rosemary around camp sites can also reduce their presence, though the effect is modest compared to chemical repellents.
What should I do if I have a severe allergic reaction to a bite?
Seek immediate medical attention. An epinephrine auto‑injector (EpiPen) may be prescribed for those with known severe reactions.
